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A death squad is an armed group that conducts extrajudicial killings or forced disappearances of persons for the purposes of political repression, genocide, or revolutionary terror. These killings are often conducted in ways meant to ensure the secrecy of the killers' identities.〔"Death Squads in Global Perspective: Murder with Deniability", Campbell and Brenner, eds.〕〔''El Salvador's Decade of Terror'', Americas Watch, Human Rights Watch Books, Yale University Press,1991,21〕 Death squads may have the support of domestic or foreign governments (see state terrorism). They may comprise a secret police force, paramilitary groups, government soldiers, policemen, or combinations thereof. They may also be organized as vigilantes. When death squads are not controlled by the state, they may consist of insurgent forces or organized crime. Extrajudicial killings and death squads are historically prevalent in Russia, Iraq,〔(USA: An Extrajudicial Execution by the CIA? | Amnesty International )〕〔(【引用サイトリンク】title=Proof of US orchestration of Death Squads Killings in Iraq )〕 El Salvador,〔(El Salvador: The Spectre of Death Squads | Amnesty International )〕〔(【引用サイトリンク】title=El Salvador: War, Peace, and Human Rights, 1980–1994 )〕 Afghanistan, Bangladesh,〔(【引用サイトリンク】title=Bangladesh: Release Journalist and Rights Activist )〕 Pakistan, India,〔(USA Condemns India over Kashmir )〕〔(【引用サイトリンク】title=India: Extrajudicial killings under the spotlight )〕 several nations or regions in Equatorial Africa,〔(【引用サイトリンク】title=Ivory Coast )〕 Jamaica,〔 many parts of South America,〔(【引用サイトリンク】url=http://hrw.org/wr2k2/americas10.html )〕〔(【引用サイトリンク】url=http://hrw.org/wr2k3/americas10.html )〕〔(Brazil: Irene Khan urges government collaboration to end violence | Amnesty International )〕 parts of Thailand〔(【引用サイトリンク】title=THAILAND: Extrajudicial killing, impunity )〕 and in the Philippines.〔http://newsinfo.inq7.net/breakingnews/nation/view_article.php?article_id=11686 〕〔(【引用サイトリンク】title=STOP Extra-Judicial Killings in the Philippines )〕〔(【引用サイトリンク】title=PC(USA) News: ‘Graft and corruption’ )〕 Historically speaking, the origins of what are modernly known as 'death squads' goes back many decades to the Bolshevik Cheka as a part of the Red Terror in Russia. The Cheka were initially a party organization and later were given official powers and authority for extrajudicial secret arrest, internment, and execution. They ultimately institutionailized the practices into the Gulag system.〔(【引用サイトリンク】title=Where the Iron Crosses Grow )〕 Later the 'Einsatzgruppen' used by Nazi Germany as a part of the Holocaust. The Nazi squads, composed of police officers mixed in with other agents, killed Jewish civilians and political opponents, going through captured territory that the regular German army had previously taken.〔(【引用サイトリンク】title=Nazi hunters identify living members of death squads )〕 == History == Although the term "death squad" did not rise to notoriety until the activities of such groups in Central and South America during the 1970s and 1980s became widely known, death squads have been employed under different guises throughout history. Apparently, the term was first used by the fascist Iron Guard in Romania. It officially installed Iron guard death squads in 1936 to kill political enemies.〔Laignel-Lavastine, Alexandra. Cioran, Eliade, Ionesco. L'oubli du fascisme. Paris: Presses Universitaires de France, 2002, 116.〕 It was also used during the Battle of Algiers by Paul Aussaresses.〔Interview of Paul Aussaresses by Marie-Monique Robin in ''Escadrons de la mort – l'école française'' ((See here, starting at 8min38 ))〕 抄文引用元・出典: フリー百科事典『 ウィキペディア（Wikipedia）』 ■ウィキペディアで「Death squad」の詳細全文を読む スポンサード リンク
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